ASSINGMENT 5, CHAPTER 5

5.5) Where you would find the following information?

    a) The services of taxidermist

    b)  A consultant of carbon fibre reinforced composite materials

    c)  The price of X3427 semiconductor chips 

    d)  The melting point of osmium

    e)  The proper hardening treatment for AISI 4320 steel

a) The services of taxidermist

The information of services of taxidermist can be found by:

1.  Search engine such as Google or Yahoo that lead to the website:

       ·       http://www.taxidermy.net/

       ·       http://www.taxidermy.org.uk/

       ·       https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxidermy

2.   Journal from the scholar that study about taxidermy :

      ·       Harper, Douglas. "taxidermy". 17 July 2010

      ·       Davie, Oliver (1900). Methods in the art of taxidermy

      ·       Henning, Michelle (2007). "Anthropomorphic taxidermy and the death of nature: The curious              art of Hermann Ploucquet, Walter Potter and Charles Waterton."

3.  Newspaper and articles that discuss about the services of taxidermy :

        ·       Topcik, Joel. "Head of Goat, Tail of Fish, More Than a Touch of Weirdness". The New York               Times January 3, 2005. Page 2.

        ·       Charles Johnson Maynard “manual of taxidermy for amateurs a complete guide in collecting               and preserving birds and animals”

b)  A consultant of carbon fibre reinforced composite materials

1.  Searching from website.

 Example of website which is available for getting more information about carbon fibre    is www.carbonfibrereinforcedcomposite.com.uk

2. The researches, consultancies, training and information are available from net composite website as well.

3. The technology of carbon fibre reinforced composite material is available for research, development, prototyping and testing of innovation composite material and their associated manufacturing technologies in our 700 square metre development centre.

4. From the insight view of conferences, it can be done by training course, conferences, seminar and workshop on a broad range of composites topics.

5. In addition some journals also provides access to a wealth of composites information including technology guides, the latest industry news, an events calendar, a glossary, an industry directory and jobs listings.

c)    The price of X3427 semiconductor chips 

         1.        Internet for example google.com search engines.

         2.       Contact with suppliers and vendors.

         3.       Contact with consultants.

         4.       Attendance to conferences, trade shows and exhibition.

         5.       Visit to other companies.

 Example of price of X3427 semiconductor chips:

           ·         X3427 Chip Availability & Rapid Quote Request                                                                http://www.1sourcecomponents.com/partinfo/x3427%20cHIP.htm

           ·       Semiconductor Datasheet Parts    http://www.digchip.com/datasheets/parts/q6/parts_q603.php

d)  The melting point of osmium

Example of website and book that provide the the melting point of osmium information :

      ·       Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Second Edition, By Dale L. Perry

      ·       Journal of the Less Common Metals,Volume 2, Issue 5, October 1960, Pages 357–359

      ·       www.chemicool.com/elements/osmium.html

      ·       www.webelements.com/osmium/

Figure of osmium crystal

e)  The proper hardening treatment for AISI 4320 steel

There are certain ways to find ways for proper hardening treatment for AISI 4320 steel which are :

1.         from the website and also from any access to digital database.

2.         Consultant from any companies that provide information about the treatment.

3.         Source from libraries that provide engineering books and also journal about engineering                       knowledge.

4.         The information may come from the network of professional friend and aided by email as                    communication medium.   

    Example of website that provides the treatment information :

                  ·             http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6771

    Example of books/ journals that may provide the hardening treatment :

                 ·           Heat Treating Progress: The Official Voice of the ASM Heat Treating Society,                                    Volume 2, Issues 4-9

                 ·         Gear Materials, Properties, and Manufacture, Joseph R. Davis ASM International,                                 2005.

Figure of AISI 4320 steel

ASSIGNMENT #3, CHAPTER 3

3.9) A product design team is designing an improved flip-lid trash can such as that which would be             found in a family kitchen. The problem statement is as follows:

Design a user-friendly, durable, flip-lid can that opens and closes reliably. The trash can must be lightweight yet tip-resistant. It must combat odor, fit standard kitchen trash bags, and be safe for all users in a family environment.

        With this information, and a little research and imagination where needed, construct a                          House of Quality (HOQ) for this design project.

ASSINGMENT #2, CHAPTER 2,

2.9       List the key steps in the technology transfer (diffusion) process. What are some of the factors make technology transfer difficult? What are the forms in which information can be transferred?

Technology can result from the application of science to add value, simplification, diversification, and productivity to a management process or product. However, technology's value wanes unless it can be transferred to a user who can apply the technology to create a tangible benefit. Arising from this assertion, the vitality of public good science funding is critically dependent on technology transfer. Technology transfer appears to be a simple communication process. However, in-depth analysis reveals a predictable learning pattern whereby, comprehension of the technology is first achieved, and then comes the interpretation of how the technology can be used to solve a problem; finally, the actual application of the technology to solve a problem. Technology transfer has been employed for centuries as a method to boost technological and economic development of nations. The technology transfer process describes the linkages which integrates the adoption of new science knowledge, and the functional interrelations of the different specialists within the process. According to Khurana (2013) technology transfer is the process of disseminating technology (including knowledge and skills) from the giver to the recipient. Grosse (1996) defines the process as the process of transferring skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing and facilities among governments or universities and other institutions to ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users who can then further develop and exploit the technology into new products, processes, applications, materials or services.   

Technology transfer occurs only when certain conditions are met. First, there must be two parties at least - someone who wants to acquire the new technology and another party which is ready to give out the technology. This means the first condition is that there must be a supplier and an acquirer of the said technology. The second condition is about the willingness of the technology owner to release it. Technology seekers may work hard to search for the appropriate technologies; but these efforts may become futile, if technology owners are reluctant to give those technologies to other parties. The supplier may be reluctant due to fear of competition, due to security reasons, or because the technology might not be mature enough for releasing out. The third condition lies in the degree of the desire of the technology seeker. Regardless whether transfer process occurs internally or externally, there is one key factor driving the technology recipient to employ technology transfer as a development strategy. This factor is called technology user acceptance.

Technology transfer can be described as market pull or technology push. Market pull occurs when expressed needs or problems cause private companies to seek technology from elsewhere. In contrast, technology push occurs when acquired innovations or inventions are used to create new markets or consumer needs within or outside the given country. Whereas market pull of technology is demand driven process, technology push is supply driven. Sometimes, the push and pull forces complement each other, reinforcing the pace of technology transfer. In brief, there is a distinction between technology push and market pull or demand. A technology push implies that a new invention is pushed into the market through R&D, production, and sales functions; this takes place without accurate consideration of whether the pushed technology will satisfy the user needs or not. In contrast, a market pull occurs when an innovation is developed by the R&D entity in responding to an identified market need. So, technology push is a part of a business strategy of a company to create a market for its technology or products thereof. Many of the so called ‘international technical aid’ to developing countries from developed world can be seen as technology push if scrutinized critically.

Several challenges face technology transfer that makes the process difficult is: incomplete information; market power; and market failures. Incomplete information is the fact that technology owners do not always disclose all the information to the recipient; hence the buyer is unable to fully appreciate the actual price ant the extent of the technology. Owners would prefer to open subsidiaries than disclosing the whole truth to the would-be competitors. Regarding market power, owners of technology have more power than buyers because of their accumulated advantage and the power of patents and the backing they get from International Bodies. This situation makes the price of technology often higher than expected; hence giving a smile to technology owners and pain to buyers. Besides, the market cannot always appreciate and measure the costs and benefits of technology diffusion. Hence, technology owners may not gain any benefit that might eventually occur when the diffused technology produces spillovers. If there are any positive spillover results, the advantage will go to technology buyer alone.

Another problem is that policy makers and planners may face difficulty in analyzing, measuring and pricing of complex technology transfer processes. Together with that challenge is the intricate issue of technology imitation. Imitation is hardly reported or documented properly; hence, making the capture of innovation spillover difficult. These measurement challenges leads to another complication for policy makers of how to formulate adequate technology transfer targets for the national policies and programs in the complex technology transfer undertakings. Additional problem lies in the hidden mismatch between the goals of technology giver and buyer. The capitalist world adores super profits. Hence, their goal is often to realize as much profit as possible through whatever form of technology transfer. The poor world is struggling with solving socioeconomic growth problems. The goal here is to get technology at cheapest possible price. On the other hand, although a developing country may pay fully for the technology, the country may end up receiving outdated or secondhand technology; or it may even suffer from incomplete or inadequate delivery of technology. Last but not least, in technology transfer sometimes there exists a problem of separation of knowledge from technology due to fear of competition. Let it be known that without adequate transfer of knowledge, transfer of technology alone will not be effective. Both explicit and hidden knowledge must be transferred to the recipient. In fact, it is often difficult to get from technology owners the hidden knowledge because it is a key to a competitive advantage for the technology givers.

Finally, a few forms of the technology transfer are: (1) Newsletter (2) Technical reports and papers (3) Data sheets. (4) Workshops and seminars. (5) Internet.

ASSIGNMENT #1,CHAPTER 1, QUESTION 1.9

1.9 You are a design engineer working for natural gas transmission company. You are assigned to a design team that is charged with preparing the proposal to the state Public Utility Commission to build a plant to receive liquefied natural gas from ocean-going tankers and unload it into your company’s gas transmission system. What technical issues and societal issues will your team have to deal with?

Natural gas is used primarily as a fuel and as a raw material in manufacturing. Natural gas is considered as an environmental friendly clean fuel, offering important environmental benefits when compared to other fossil fuels. LNG is the liquid form of natural gas. Gas cooled to approximately −162◦C liquefies and has a volume approximately 1/600 that of gas at room temperature. However, facilities for liquefying natural gas require complex machinery with moving parts and special refrigerated ships for transporting the liquefied natural gas to market.

Hence, they are many technical issue that need to be taken care of in order to build a plant to receive liquefied natural gas. Cost for building the facilities and handling the vast quantities of liquefied natural gas is expensive and need special skilled workers. They need to have large cryogenic tanks to store the liquefied natural gas; typically these may be 70 m in diameter, 45 m high, and hold over 100,000 m3 of liquefied natural gas. This will cost a lot in term of financial economic in natural gas industry.

Next, infrastructure also plays an importance role in building a plant for natural gas. Liquefied natural gas need a huge place to process and store it. So, it need a place near to the sea and vast area of land to accommodate the company’s gas transmission system. Hence, a good safety workplace should be in highest priority in building and managing the transmission’s gas system. All facilities need to be in good aspect of safety and safety procedures must be followed to cope with all hazardous and danger in workplaces.

Moreover, the aspect of transportation also one of the technical issues arise due to the properties of the gas itself that is low density. The low density of the gas cause it to be difficult to store or transport by vehicle. The natural gas pipelines are impractical across the ocean, so the best way of transportation is by compressing the gas into liquid at liquefaction plant, and is returned to gas form at regasification plant at the terminal on the land. The ways of transportation must be follow step by step based on the rules and regulation so that there are no problem during transportation of the liquefied.

In societal issues, by building a new plant to receive liquefied natural gas, it can create more job opportunities to community. As we know, process and handling of transmission’s gas system has a lot of work and procedure to be followed, thus a lot of workers needed to accommodate the jobs.

Through environmental view, natural gas did not give a lot of impact to environment such as in air, water and soil because natural gas plant has facilities and technologies in managing waste in properly mannered before releasing to surrounding. For example, when managing surface water, companies must prevent contact between rainwater and contaminants at the processing facility.

They must also design the sites properly to ensure that rainwater that lands on a gas plant is collected in a central location where it can be stored, treated, and reused or released into the environment in a controlled manner. If methane is allowed to leak into the air before being used from a leaky pipe, for instance it absorbs the sun’s heat, warming the atmosphere. For this reason, it’s considered a greenhouse gas, like carbon dioxide. Hence the increasing of this gas will give the bad effect in term of health to the community. Companies that use effective liners and secondary containment systems, and continue to monitor groundwater throughout the life of the project, can ensure that leaks and spills are prevented and any contamination that does happen can be detected and cleaned up quickly.

THE BACKGROUND OF ORGANIZATION'S MEMBER

THE ORGANIZATION CHART